A note before continuing, the multimeter that will be discussed is the newer digital multimeters, not its analog counterpart (which is rarely used anymore). 

Multimeter vs Oscilloscope

• Multimeters display data using numbers, oscilloscopes display data visually (lines, waveforms, etc)
• Multimeters have higher resolution with the ability to display data up to 8 digits of data for voltage, current, or resistance. 
• An oscilloscope can display signals visually in the form of waves and lines (which can help distinguish if a signal is AC or DC).
• Multimeters are much more portable than oscilloscopes (however, there are newer portable versions of the oscilloscope).
• Multimeters are used for more general purpose measurements. Oscilloscopes are used for more in-depth analysis as well as troubleshooting systems that contain complex signals. 
• Oscilloscopes are faster and have wider measurement bandwidths compared to multimeters. 
• Multimeters are used for initial measurements. Oscilloscopes are used for further analysis. 
• Multimeters can measure voltage (AC and DC), current (AC and DC), resistance, frequency, capacitance, diode test, temperature and continuity. 
• Oscilloscopes can measure voltage (AC and DC), frequency/period, and phase angle. 

Functions of a Multimeter

Multimeters come in a range of complexities and will vary in the number of functionalities. However, below is a list of the most common functionalities of multimeters. 

Voltage (AC and DC)

Multimeters have the ability to measure both AC and DC voltages. This makes them an essential tool for any type of electrical or electronic circuit.However, there are limits to how much voltage the multimeter can measure, so you will have to check its maximum ratings before using it for a particular application. 

You can measure voltage between two points in a circuit, or across a component. 

Current (AC and DC)

Just like voltage, multimeters can measure both AC and DC currents. Again, each multimeter will have its own limit as to how much current it can handle.Being able to measure current allows you to see if a component is receiving the right amount of current, how much current is being consumed, if there are random spikes in current, etc. 

Resistance

Every piece of material has some sort of resistance and a multimeter has the capability to measure resistances of any type of material (specifically conductors). But, resistance measurements yield more than just measuring the resistance of components. It can tell us the condition of a circuit or component as well (some components resistance deteriorates over time, while others increase. Both these are unwanted scenarios)

Continuity

Continuity is a function of a multimeter that lets you test the presence of a complete path between two points in a circuit or wire. For example you can test the continuity of wire to see if it has any breaks somewhere in the middle even if it is fully insulated (however, the ends have to be exposed).

Temperature

The digital multimeter has the capability of providing temperatures in both Degrees Celsius and Degrees Farhanheit. Depending on the need of the application, there are multiple varieties of probes available for temperature measurement. 

Frequency 

In the electrical world current is divided into Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC).

Alternating currents are represented by a Sine wave which involves currents that vary in magnitude and polarity. 

The frequency in the electrical world defines the number of times a sine wave of an alternating current repeats itself within a certain time period.Circuits and electrical components are designed to operate at a certain fixed or variable frequency. If they are subject to different frequency values, the circuit will not operate as intended. Multimeters have a Frequency function to ensure all values are correct.

Capacitance

Voltage, current, and resistance form the basic building blocks of electrical and electronic circuits. However, there are many other factors that play a part in the overall working with one of them being Capacitance.

Multimeters can measure the capacitance of a capacitor (as well as other components). 

Diode test

Finally we have the Diode test.A diode is a two terminal, semiconducting device that only allows current to flow in one direction. The diode test function on a digital multimeter allows you to analyse a diode to ensure it is fully functional.

Functions of an oscilloscope  

Let’s take a look at the different functions of an oscilloscope. Again these are the most common ones that you will find. 

Voltage (AC and DC)

Just like the multimeter, the oscilloscope comes with Voltage measuring capabilities.However, the oscilloscope is able to provide a time-based measurement of voltage, which means it can display how the voltage waveform changes with time. Another addition is that it can measure peak-to-peak voltage, which is the measurement of a voltage waveform from the maximum peak  to the minimum peak ( more associated with AC voltages). The oscilloscope can measure both AC and DC voltages.

Frequency and Period

AC applications come with waveforms and varying frequencies. Another important factor is Period which defines the amount of time it takes a signal to complete one cycle. 

Frequency and Period are reciprocals of each other; 1/ Period equals the Frequency, and 1/Frequency equals the Period. An oscilloscope can visually display the waveforms on screen which can show you how many times a wave repeats itself within a 1 second time interval.

Phase angle 

The Phase Angle of a sine wave describes the angle at which one wave ‘Leads’ or ‘Lags’ another wave. It is the relationship between two sine waves of the same frequency plotted on the same reference axis.An oscilloscope can show you the sine waves of two signals and their phase angles.

Multimeter vs Oscilloscope: Level of analysis

The level of analysis required for a particular job is going to determine whether a multimeter or oscilloscope is needed. If the job just requires general purpose testing of voltage, current, resistance, etc, to get a quick analysis of the situation, then the multimeter is the perfect tool. However, if you find there are problems that need a more in-depth look, and further analysis, then the oscilloscope is the perfect tool.

However, saying so, an oscilloscope is limited by the number of measurements compared to a multimeter. 

Multimeter vs Oscilloscope: Cost and availability

Now that we have covered the functions of both the multimeter and oscilloscope, let’s take a look at a cost comparison of the two as well as their availability.  When it comes to multimeters, you can get your hands on a cheap multimeter (ranging from $15) without any hassle. More likely than not, your local hardware store will have one. 

However, with cheap multimeters comes cheap quality as with anything in life. While they do a decent job, they use cheaper materials which don’t last very long. 

Depending on your circumstances and how often you use the multimeter will ultimately determine how much you fork out for a multimeter. 

Oscilloscopes on the other hand, cost a bit more which is due to their overall complexity of design and components used compared to the multimeter. Also, you are less likely to find one at your local hardware store.

Multimeter vs Oscilloscope: Ease of use

When it comes to ease of use, both devices have a learning curve. However, the oscilloscope comes with a steeper curve compared to the multimeter.While the multimeter has a lot of functions, it is quite intuitive using them. You just have to be aware of things like the maximum voltage and current ratings, and how to connect the probes to a circuit when testing voltage (parallel), or current (series).

The oscilloscope does take some time to get your head around as you need to learn things like interpreting the different waveforms, setting voltage divisions, understanding triggering, capture rate, duty cycle, rise time, etc.

Multimeter vs Oscilloscope: Portability

Applications that require testing, diagnosis, and analysis are not restricted to a workshop benchtop. You might be an electrician at a house inspecting wiring, or an engineer at a clients worksite designing a new manufacturing plant.Therefore, having a measurement tool that you can take with you is crucial. This is why the portability of a multimeter and oscilloscope is necessary. 

The multimeter is quite small by nature and can fit easily into any tool bag making it very portable.

If we went back about 10-15 years, an oscilloscope would have been limited to a workshop bench. They were quite large and not very portable.However, nowadays there are options for portable oscilloscopes that almost resemble a multimeter so you can take them with you on the go.

Multimeter vs Oscilloscope: Display

Finally, we have the Display.

Both devices come with a display that lets you interpret information. But, their displays are quite different in the way they display this information.The multimeter is restricted to only displaying numbers of the electrical parameters you are measuring (which can vary in the number of digits depending on the manufacturer).

Oscilloscopes have a more complex display due to the fact that they display more information (such as the voltage waveforms, time periods, etc.) which require more interpretation and analysis.

Multimeter vs Oscilloscope; which is the best option?

The job you are needing to conduct analysis on will be the determining factor on whether the multimeter or oscilloscope is the right option for you. Below is a table with different conditions and which is the right tool for the job. 

The post Multimeter vs Oscilloscope - Which is better? appeared first on Electronic Guidebook.

Your car tyre might go flat, you might have split wine on your very white carpet,  or you might have torn your favorite t-shirt, etc. 

But, fear not, there is good news! Lucky for you and me, there are tools that exist to help us solve and rectify these kinds of problems. 

This is no different in the electrical and electronic world. It’s inevitable that you are going to encounter problems.

So, having tools to help analyse these problems is a necessity to ensure that you aren’t stuck in the mud. 

One of the most common and widely used tools for fault finding, and analysis of circuits is the Digital Multimeter.

But, what is the use of a digital multimeter? Digital multimeters are electronic measuring instruments that are used for fault finding, analysis, and diagnosis of electrical and electronic circuits. They have the ability to measure electrical quantities such as voltage, current, and resistance. 

However, there is more to digital multimeters than meets the eye which shall be discussed in detail in this article. 

Closer look at a digital multimeter?

The digital multimeter is a variety (digital version) of the Multimeter. 

While the digital version of the multimeter is the most commonly used nowadays, it has come a long way from its humble analog beginnings.

A brief history of the analog multimeter

Analog multimeters, or earlier versions first showed up on the electrical scene in 1820. Back then they were known as Galvanometers. 

They were limited to only detecting electrical current, and resembled a compass which had a needle that moved depending on the amount of current. 

Fast forward 100 years, the first version of the modern day multimeter was created thanks to Donald Macadie. 

His multimeter wasn’t limited to just measuring current, but could measure voltage and resistance as well. 

How analog multimeters work

The fundamental workings of an analog multimeter is based around something known as a moving coil meter.

Measuring voltage, current or resistance, depends on the configuration of some precision shunt resistors (either in series or parallel).

While there are many versions of the analog multimeter, each having its own method of measuring voltage, current and resistance, the moving coil meter is the most widely used method. 

Analog multimeters have a needle (that is connected to a coil meter) and is deflected according to the amount of current that the coil meter is subject to. 

This comes to fundamental science, and the fact that current flowing through a wire generates a magnetic field. 

This is the basics of how the analog multimeter measures current. As mentioned earlier, to measure other variables such as voltage and resistance, additional components will need to be added (such as high precision shunt resistors).

Brief history of the digital  multimeter?

Unfortunately, with the advancement of technology, analog devices were being replaced by digital counterparts and this was no different for multimeters.

This was possible with the rise of Semiconductors. A solid state voltmeter was in the development phase as early as the 1950s. 

However, it wasn’t until 1977 when the Fluke 8020A became the first readily available digital multimeter. 

Over the years, with the cost of manufacturing decreasing, the digital multimeter started to make its way to the forefront and was the go to multimeter. 

The Fluke 8020B sold over 1 million units by the late 1980s. 

How a digital multimeter works

The most noticable difference between an analog and digital multimeter is the display. 

While an analog multimeter uses a needle that physically moves, the digital version uses a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) that displays values of voltage, current and resistance. 

Also, there is no moving coil meter in a digital multimeter. 

They use integrated circuits such as operational amplifiers, Analog to Digital Converters (ADC), Digital to Analog Converters (DAC), Microcontrollers, and/or Microprocessors. 

Below are the sequence of steps that occur within a digital multimeter when it is subject to a current, voltage, resistance, etc at its input;

1. Input is converted to a DC voltage within the ADC range
2. ADC converts DC voltage to a digital value 
3. This values is displayed on the LCD screen 

The steps mentioned above are more common for measuring voltage. To measure current and resistance, the digital multimeter implements techniques similar to those used by its analog counterpart (using series and parallel shunt resistors). 

To measure current, voltage is measured across a known resistor. 

For resistance measurement, voltage is measured across a resistor via a known resistance from a stabilised voltage in the meter. 

Digital multimeters come equipped with a Positive (red) and Negative (black) terminals where multimeter probes are connected to. 

What is the main use of a digital multimeter

The digital multimeter is a very versatile tool and while it might have been restricted to a few functions in its earlier time, it has come a long way, and nowadays digital multimeters come packed with a myriad of functionalities 

So to eliminate confusion, I shall go through and give a description of each function and its overall uses. 

I shall break this section into two parts; functions of a digital multimeter and uses of digital multimeter in given applications using those particular functions.

Function #1 of a digital multimeter: Voltage 

The first most basic function of the digital multimeter is to measure Voltage.

Voltage is one of the three basic building blocks of any electrical and electronic circuit (current and resistance being the other two). 

Theory is only one half of the puzzle when building and designing a circuit. 

When it comes to the practical part of building the circuit, knowing that the values of voltage you calculated for in the design process match the voltages in the circuit you built is essential to make sure you are on the right track.

That is why a digital multimeter comes equipped with a function of measuring voltage. 

Voltage is the potential difference between two points in a circuit, so you will have to measure across a component or between two points in a circuit. 

For example, if we had a simple circuit of a battery and resistor, and needed to measure the voltage of the resistor, you would place the multimeter probes across the resistor as seen below.

Function #2 of a digital multimeter: Current 

Next of the three building blocks is Current.

Current can be defined by the flow of electrons within a conductive material. 

Knowing that the right current is flowing in a circuit is essential to protecting components from damage.Every component has a specific current requirement to operate effectively. 

If they are subject to currents above their maximum ratings for a given amount of time they can get damaged. 

Also, on the other hand, if you do not supply the right amount of current, the component will not work.

So, knowing that the right amount of current is being supplied is an essential function a digital multimeter needs to have. 

Unlike measuring voltage, current measurement needs to be done by placing the multimeter in series within a circuit.

Function #3 of a digital multimeter: Resistance 

The last piece of the fundamental building blocks of electricity is Resistance.

A digital multimeter has the ability to measure resistances of any type of material (specifically conductors). 

The main function of a digital multimeter resistance measurement is, well, to measure resistance of a component or circuit. 

But, resistance measurement yields more than just that, it can tell us the condition of a circuit or component as well (some components resistance deteriorates over time, while others increase. Both these are unwanted scenarios)

Resistance plays a big role in circuits, as it can control the amount of current flowing; the higher the resistance the lower the current, and the lower the resistance, the higher the current. 

Measuring the resistance is similar to voltage measurements and needs to be done across components or two points in a circuit. 

Function #4 of a digital multimeter: Continuity

Imagine you needed to drive to a certain destination. To get from Point A, to Point B, you are going to need a continuous path (in this case road).

If there happens to be a hole in the road, or a tree is obstructing it, you will not be able to get to your final destination.

The same holds true for current moving through wires, and components in a circuit. It is going to need a continuous path to flow freely. 

If a wire is cut in half, a component is not working, there is bad soldering, etc, this is going to prevent the flow of current.

Continuity is a function of a digital multimeter that lets you test the presence of a complete path between two points in a circuit. 

Function #5 of a digital multimeter: Temperature  

Digital multimeters now come with the added ability to measure Temperature.

Note, not all digital multimeters will be able to measure temperature. Multimeters that can measure temperature will come with a thermometer symbol on the dial. You can also check the manual of the multimeter. 

This is a great benefit because, if you are someone who needs to measure the basics (voltage, current, resistance), as well as need to take temperature measurements, you will not need a separate device to do so. 

You will have all the functions necessary in one convenient device.

The digital multimeter has the capability of providing temperatures in both Degrees Celsius and Degrees Farhanheit. 

Depending on the need of the application, there are multiple varieties of probes available for temperature measurement. 

Function #6 of a digital multimeter: Frequency

Frequency is a term used a lot in life. 

It defines the number of times an event occurs within a set period of time. 

For example, how many buses pass a bus station every hour. 

In the electrical world current is divided into Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC).

Alternating currents are represented by a Sine wave which involves currents that vary in magnitude and polarity. 

The frequency in the electrical world defines the number of times a sine wave of an alternating current repeats itself within a certain time period.

Circuits and electrical components are designed to operate at a certain fixed or variable frequency. If they are subject to different frequency values, the circuit will not operate as intended. 

So, digital multimeters have a Frequency function to ensure all values are correct. 

Function #7 of a digital multimeter: Capacitance 

Voltage, current, and resistance form the basic building blocks of electrical and electronic circuits. However, there are many other factors that play a part in the overall working. 

One of them is Capacitance.

Capacitance is defined as the capability of a component or device to store energy in the form of an electric field. 

Now, just like a resistor is created specifically for resistance, a component known as a capacitor has the specific purpose of providing a specific value of capacitance in a circuit. 

Digital multimeters can measure the capacitance of a capacitor (as well as other components). 

Function #8 of a digital multimeter: Diode test

Finally we have the Diode test.

A diode is a two terminal, semiconducting device that only allows current to flow in one direction. 

There are many different types of diodes which include; Light emitting diode, Zener, Shockley, PN junction, etc. 

Below are some of the uses of diodes in electrical circuits:

• Rectifying voltage: rectifying AC voltage to DC 
• Drawing signals from a supply
• Manipulating magnitude of a signal
• Mixing signals

The diode test function on a digital multimeter allows you to analyse a diode to ensure it is fully functional.

Here are some analysis of a diode after testing with a multimeter;

• A functional (forward-biased) diode should display a voltage ranging from 0.5 – 0.8 volts
• Multimeter will display infinite resistance (0L), when diode used as open switch
• A non-function diode will prevent flow from both directions. The multimeter will display infinite resistance (0L) for both directions

Uses of a digital multimeter

Now that we have gone through the different functions of the digital multimeter, let’s take a look at the uses of each function for particular applications. 

There are many uses for each particular function, but rather than going through them all, to save you time, I shall name the most common ones. 

Digital multimeter voltage function uses:

• Measure voltage drop across a component 
• Measure voltage drop between two points in a circuit
• Measure voltage of a car battery, or batteries used in electronic devices
• Measuring voltage of electrical components (AC)

Digital multimeter current function uses:

• Measure current through a circuit (series and parallel)
• Measure startup or in-rush current 
• Analyse power consumption of a circuit (how much current is being used by certain components)

Digital multimeter resistance function uses:

• Measure resistance of resistors
• Measure resistance of components, wires, overall circuit 
• Check resistance of components to see if the faulty 

Digital multimeter continuity function uses:

• Check if wire has continuous path
• Check for short circuits
• Check for open circuits 
• Check if component damaged

Digital multimeter temperature function uses:

• Measure temperature of transformer
• Installation of heat pump – ensure temperature is right
• Food – measure temperature of meats, liquids, etc (using different probes)
• Measure temperature of an enclosed electrical/electronic system

Digital multimeter frequency function uses:

• Measure frequency of circuit – ensure it is within the operating range
• Measure frequency of  AC motors 
• Measure frequency of oscillating circuits
• Audio – ensure right frequencies are used 

Digital multimeter capacitance function uses:

• Measure capacitance of capacitors
• Measure capacitance of wires, components, overall circuit

Digital multimeter diode function uses:

• Test functionality of diode
• Ensure diode is operating in right direction (forward bias)

Important factors of a digital multimeter

Now that we have covered the uses of digital multimeters, let’s take a look at some important factors to consider when choosing the right digital multimeter for the job. 

Just like if you were buying a new car, there are factors to consider like, does it have a radio, how big is the engine, is it electric, how well does it on long distance trips, does it have cup holders, etc.

Below are important characteristics of digital multimeters.

Note, these factors are not the same for all of them, but vary depending on the manufacturer.

Resolution

First on the list is Resolution, which is the smallest increment that the multimeter is able to detect and then display.

The smaller the value of increment results in the multimeter being able to display more numbers on its screen which leads to a higher resolution. 

For example, a resolution of 1mV (0.001V) is higher than 10mV (0.10V). 

Accuracy

You want your digital multimeter to be as accurate as possible. 

The less errors the better. 

Accuracy of a multimeter (which is presented as a percentage) defines the maximum error that is allowable within a certain criteria. 

This value compares the measurement value and the actual value of signal measured and specifies how close they are. 

For example, if a digital multimeter has an accuracy of + or  – 2%, and measures a voltage of 100V, the values can range from 98V – 102V. 

Range

The last and final factor is Range which is closely related to resolution.

Range is the maximum value that the multimeter can display. If the measurement is higher than the range of the multimeter, an overload scenario will occur displayed by ‘0L’. 

To obtain the most accurate readings, the lowest possible range should be used without overloading the multimeter. 

Below are some common ranges along with their resolutions;

You can see the relationship between range and resolution; the lower the range the greater the resolution, and the higher the range the lower the resolution.

Can a digital multimeter be used for AC and DC applications?

Yes, most digital multimeters can be used for DC and AC applications.

I say most because not all digital multimeters will have the ability to detect AC voltages and currents. It depends entirely on whether the manufacturer has created the multimeter to have those capabilities. 

Earlier, I briefly mentioned earlier that an alternating current is the main difference between AC and DC. 

Other than that, AC applications tend to deal with higher voltages than DC. So, a digital multimeter will need to be able to deal with those higher voltages.

Check the multimeters specification to see if it has the capability to measure AC currents and voltages.

Most of the time, it might only be able to measure AC voltages and not current

Also, the multimeter dial will include a voltage symbol with a curve underneath to show that it can read AC voltages.

DC voltages are depicted by a straight line. 

Advantages and disadvantages of a digital multimeter

There is a good and bad side to everything in life.The same is true for digital multimeters. It has its advantages as well as disadvantages. 

Advantages of a digital multimeter

• Easier to read (no parallax error with readings compared to analog multimeters)
• Higher accuracy
• Higher resolution 
• Have an ‘auto-polarity’ feature (in case you connect the multimeter probes the wrong way in a circuit)
• No moving parts (therefor last longer)
• No need for zero adjustment
• Size, cost, and power required have all reduced due to advancements in technology
• Have more functions
• Portable
• Some include onboard memory which can be used to store data for analysing later

Disadvantages of a digital multimeter

• The display requires power to operate and therefore consumes some of the power which could be used elsewhere.
• Can be subject to fluctuations or transients 
• Analog to Digital converter has limitations 
• Has a voltage limitation (if exceeded can damage the multimeter)

The post What is the use of a digital multimeter? appeared first on Electronic Guidebook.

As technology has evolved over the years, so has the playstation console to keep up with the times. 

One notable change is video. 

Video has come a long way since its humble pixelated days.   

With higher definition capabilities of modern televisions, the line is blurred between what you are watching and reality. 

The newer Playstation 4 (PS4) uses a HDMI cable to transmit audio and video to a video output device such as a television. 

But, do USB to HDMI adapters work for a PS4?

No, USB to HDMI adapters do not work on a PS4. The PS4 only has a HDMI video out port that it uses to transmit audio and video in conjunction with a HDMI cable. It cannot transmit audio or video via USB. If the HDMI port of your PS4 is broken, you will need to get it fixed. 

How a PS4 displays video

Let’s take a closer look at the PS4 and how it transmits video.

As mentioned earlier, video has evolved a lot over the years. 

The older CRT (cathode ray tube) televisions typically had a resolution of 480p, whereas newer televisions have a resolution of 8K! 

That’s like watching cinema quality movies in the comfort of your living room.

Other than resolution, the cables and protocols for transmitting audio and video have also changed. 

Different types of video connection

Below is a list of the different types of video connection used for a variety of devices like VCR, DVD, TV and other HDTV equipment. 

Composite Video (RCA or F-pin)

This is a means of transmitting video information as a single signal over one wire. It is commonly connected using the RCA jack. Composite video connections were used for older video equipment such as VCR’s and DVDs.

S-Video (super-video) – This type of cable transmits video information in two parts; color (chrominance) and brightness (luminance). 

This produces better quality images as a composite video cable due to the fact that televisions are created to separate signals for color and brightness. 

Component video

This type of connection uses three cables to send red, green and blue signals. This is how it achieves sharp and clear images. 

DVI (digital visual interface)

DVI uses a digital interface standard to convert analog signals so that it can be utilized for analog and digital monitors. It provides a pure digital video connection for greater quality pictures.

HDMI (high definition multimedia interface)

HDMI is the latest and most used connection for video and audio currently. 

It combines digital video (DVI) and multi-channel audio all in one cable. It is used for high-definition video which encompasses 720p and 1080p video formats. 

The PS4 and HDMI

As you just saw, there are many ways to interface multimedia equipment with a video output device like a television or a monitor. 

Of the five connections mentioned, the PS4 uses HDMI as a means for transmitting audio and video to a television.

It has an HDMI output port which is located at the back, which you use in conjunction with a HDMI cable to connect to an output device capable of displaying video.

Note, the output device will also have to be HDMI compatible and have an input port.  

What is the purpose of a USB to HDMI adapter?

Electronic devices come with a limited number of ports, whether it be USB or HDMI ports. 

More often than not, they will have fewer HDMI ports than they do USB.

This means that if you need to connect multiple video output devices and only have one HDMI output port you are out of luck.

Or are you?

If you have a spare USB port, you can use a USB to HDMI adapter, to solve your problem.

The adapter can be plugged into the USB port giving you one more HDMI port. 

However, the downside with using the USB port is that it takes longer to transmit images and audio compared to an HDMI port. 

Why you cannot use a USB to HDMI adapter on a PS4

So, a USB to HDMI adapter can come in handy if you need an extra HDMI port. 

But, can it be used on the USB port of a PS4? 

Unfortunately, a USB to HDMI adapter will not work on a PS4. The PS4 does not support the transmission of video or audio by means of USB (it uses the HDMI standard to do so).

Also, the PS4 operating system does not have the appropriate drivers required to support the USB to HDMI adapter. It would just bypass the internal GPU of the PS4.

If you were to look at the ‘video output settings’ in the PS4, you would not be able to find ‘USB’ as one of the options. 

The USB to HDMI adapters are mainly used for computers and laptops which have the capability and necessary drivers needed to transmit video via USB.

What is the purpose of the USB ports on the PS4?

If the USB ports cannot be used to transmit video, what is their main purpose on a PS4?

USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a standard for protocols of data transmission across cables and connectors, between computers (or anything that has a computing system, like a PS4), peripherals and other computers. 

The main purpose is to transport data, not video.

So, the USB ports on the PS4 are used to communicate with playstation peripherals such as, controllers, external harddrives, VR headsets, etc, and transmit data.

They can also be used as a means to charge wireless devices like wireless controllers, headsets, etc. 

What options do you have if your PS4 HDMI port is damaged?

If for the unfortunate circumstance you have damaged the HDMI port of your PS4, the only option you have is to get it fixed as a USB to HDMI adapter cannot be used.

The post Do USB to HDMI adapters work for PS4? appeared first on Electronic Guidebook.

You can easily set up and test circuits without having to go through the process of soldering and desoldering.

They are great not just for beginners, but experts who are trialling and testing new ideas.

But, can we cut a breadboard?

No, you should not cut a breadboard as it is not ideal. Cutting a breadboard will ruin its structural integrity rendering it useless. Breadboards consist of rows and columns of conducting strips where component leads can be connected. Cutting the breadboard will ruin these strips and disrupt its continuity. 

This article shall dive deeper into why it is not ideal to cut a breadboard.

However, in saying that it is not ideal to cut a breadboard, if you really have to cut one, I shall discuss what is the best way to do so. 

Why it is not advisable to cut a traditional breadboard

To better understand why it is not the best idea to cut a breadboard, let’s take a closer at the breadboard’s internal construction.

 A closer look of the breadboard

The beauty of the breadboard is that you can set up and test a circuit without having to solder anything.

As you can see in the picture above, the breadboard consists of many holes where you can connect components into. 

But, these holes aren’t all connected. There is a certain pattern to how they are connected. 

The breadboard can be further broken up into sections which include;

• Terminal strips 
• Power rails and
• DIP (Dual Inline Package) support

These three parts are highlighted in the image below. 

Breadboard terminal strips

The terminal strips of the breadboard are where you connect and set up all the components of your circuit.

If we were to open up the breadboard and look inside (and view the breadboard sitting horizontally), we would see that the terminal strips have metal strips below them which are aligned vertically across the length of the breadboard. 

Furthermore, each hole in the row has a metal clip that helps hold the terminal of components securely. 

So, a row of holes in the middle of the breadboard are electrically connected. 

However, the terminal strips are separated into two halves by the DIP support. 

Power rails of the breadboard

The next major part of the breadboard is the power rails. 

The power rails of a breadboard are where you connect the supply voltage to (which could be a set of batteries, or a power supply).

Other components can then access these positive and negative rails as needed. 

Again, if we opened up the breadboard and had a look inside (with the breadboard sitting horizontally), we would see a set of metal strips that run horizontally the length of the breadboard from one end to other.

So, why is it not advisable to cut a breadboard?

As you saw, the breadboard is constructed specifically with metal strips and holes so that you connect components and wires easily. 

Cutting a breadboard is going to ruin the structural integrity of the breadboard which might render the breadboard useless. 

The metal strips might come out of place or be damaged in the process of cutting. These metal strips are crucial as they are needed to create a conducting path for current.

Also, the metal clips that are under each hole which are used to hold component leads might get misaligned (or damaged) make it harder for you to place components. 

How to cut a breadboard, if you really have to

But, what if you have to cut your breadboard? 

Is there a special way to do so without causing too much damage and still being able to use the breadboard as it is intended to? 

There are couple considerations to take into account if you are about to cut a breadboard;

• The cutting tool you are using and
• The direction of the cut

The best cutting tool to cut a breadboard

You will need to use a cutting tool that does not create a mess of your breadboard. 

Using a hand saw or jigsaw, might not be the best option for cutting tools as they do no provide the cleanest of cuts.

A better option could be a Dremel, which provides a better finish and might cause less damage to the breadboard when cutting it. 

The best way to cut a breadboard

Next is the direction you cut the breadboard.

As we saw earlier, when looking at the breadboard horizontally, the metal plates of the terminal strips are aligned vertically, while the metal plates of the power rails are aligned horizontally. 

The best way to cut a breadboard, while still maintaining its structural integrity is vertically down the middle (when the breadboard is sitting horizontally) as depicted in the picture below with the red line. 

If you cut a breadboard horizontally (when it is placed horizontally), due to the way the metal plates are orientated, you  are going to eliminate one half of the breadboard  and reduce the surface area of the breadboard giving you less space to set up circuits.

As well having less area to set up circuits, you are going to eliminate the middle gap (DIP support) which is designed as a support for Integrated circuits. 

Checking your breadboard is working. In case you cut it!

So you have cut your breadboard!

How do you check if it is working?

The first thing is to make sure that it is still intact and hasn’t come apart entirely. 

If it has fallen apart, the easiest way to check if a breadboard that has been cut is still working, is to set up a circuit.

It does not have to be a complex circuit, a simple circuit should do just fine (as long as it tests all the sections of the breadboard; terminal strip and power rails.)

Connect your circuit and power it. 

If everything is working as it should, you have cut your breadboard without any problems.

Another way to test if the breadboard is still working is to use a multimeter and its Continuity function (which is a test to check if two points are connected electrically).

Using this function of the multimeter, you could test the ends of each terminal strip and power rail to ensure they are still electrically connected and not damaged.

An alternative to cutting your breadboard?

If the main reason for you cutting your breadboard is to reduce its size, you have another option.

Buying a smaller one!

Breadboards come in a variety of sizes which you should be able to choose accordingly to meet your project/application needs. 

Can you break a breadboard?

No, do not attempt to break a breadboard in half using your hands. 

This is definitely not a good idea.

The post Can we cut a breadboard? appeared first on Electronic Guidebook.

They are development boards that include a microcontroller, power supply, inputs, outputs, Serial communication and much more.

You might have just purchased an Arduino, or are thinking about buying one to get stuck into the world of microcontrollers, electronics and programming. 

But, you might also be wondering whether you need a multimeter for an Arduino? While it is not necessary to have a multimeter when you start out with an Arduino, it is recommended that you do have one. Multimeters are great for troubleshooting problems that you might come across with your Arduino projects.

Also, Arduino development boards are not perfect. They are going to have some onboard problems sooner or later. 

Again, a multimeter is your best option at identifying the problem. 

What is an Arduino

Let’s take a deeper look at the Arduino. 

This will help you understand why you might require a multimeter. 

Below is one for the most common Arduino development boards; Arduino Uno.

As you can see the Arduino Uno has many components and parts that make up the development board which include;

• Power Input (barrel jack)
• 3.3V power input pin
• 5V power output pin
• Analog Input pins
• Digital Input/Output pins
• Reset Switch
• Microcontroller 
• USB port 

It is great for the beginner as you do not need to set up a microcontroller on a breadboard with a power supply and capacitors or resistors. 

It’s already all done for you on the development board. 

Inputs and outputs like LED’s, sensors, motors, displays can be connected to the digital pins as required. 

The Arduino can also be programmed using the USB port. It does not require complicated interfacing with a computer. 

What are the main uses of a multimeter

The multimeter is an electronic measuring instrument used on a daily basis by Electricians, Engineers, Hobbyists, DIYers and many others.

It has many functionalities but the main three are measuring Voltage, Current, and Resistance.

The most basic of multimeters should include these three measurements.

More complex multimeters can have more than just these three measurements which can include;

• AC (alternating current) voltage and amperage
• DC (direct current) voltage and amperage
• Resistance (ohms)
• Capacity (farads)
• Conductance (siemens)
• Decibels
• Duty cycle 
• Frequency (Hz)
• Inductance (henrys)
• Temperature Celsius or Fahrenheit 

Multimeters come in Analog and Digital versions, but analog multimeters are less common today due to their inaccuracy. 

The main use of a multimeter is to be able to diagnose and troubleshoot electrical and electronic circuitry. 

Finding faults and rectifying them is where the multimeter will be your best friend. 

Reasons why you might need a multimeter for an Arduino

When starting out on your journey with an Arduino, the projects you will be undertaking will be simple and troubleshooting will not necessarily require a multimeter. 

However, as you advance and the Arduino projects you embark on get more complex, you will no doubt require a multimeter to aid you in finding inevitable problems. 

We now know that a basic multimeter can measure the three basic electrical values which are voltage, current, and resistance. 

So let’s look at some reasons why you might want to invest in a multimeter to help with your Arduino.

Reason #1 why you might need a multimeter for Arduino: Testing Digital and Analog Pins

Ardnuinos come with a varying number of digital pins that can be used either as inputs or as outputs. 

Where inputs can include;

• Buttons
• Switches
• Sensors

And outputs can include;

• Motors
• Light Emitting Diodes (LED’s)
• Displays

Smaller components that require less current and voltage, can be powered by the 5 volts outputted at the digital pins.

However, if for some reason the digital pin does not seem to be powering whatever you have connected, you can use the voltage function of the multimeter to check what voltages are present at the digital pins.

Also, an Arduino will have designated analog pins where sensors can be connected to. 

A sensor will output voltages in analog form. 

However, arduinos only deal with digital data. 

The analog pins have the ability to convert the analog data to a digital form. 

Sometimes, the wrong digital values will be generated by software. 

You can see where the problem is by double checking the voltage at the analog pins and cross checking them with the digital values. 

Reason #2 why you might need a multimeter for Arduino: Testing Voltages

Initially your circuits will be confined to onboard the Arduino itself. 

But, sooner or later your projects will extend to outside of the Arduino, and onto something like a breadboard.

The more wiring and connections that are required, the more chances of error. These errors tend to show themselves as wrong voltages. 

Therefore fault finding when something is not working without a multimeter is going to be very very hard, and annoying.

Using a multimeter, the circuit schematic and a little electronic knowledge you should be able to find solutions to your problem in no time.

Reason #3 why you might need a multimeter for Arduino: Current consumption

If the next project you are undertaking requires a means of mobile power (like a battery), the circuit will need to be as efficient as possible to extend the life of the batteries. 

If you don’t know how much Current the system you are designing is consuming how will you know whether it is efficient or not?

Utilising the ability of the multimeter to measure current, you will be able to deduct if any improvements need to be made. 

Reason #4 why you might need a multimeter for Arduino: Resistance and Continuity

No matter whether you are a beginner or an expert, you are going to encounter a resistor or two, or a hundred.

These little buggers have many uses in an electronic circuit and come in a variety of shapes, sizes and resistance values. 

Even though resistors have colour bands on them which indicates what resistance value they are, it can get quite annoying trying to squint and constantly check the colours.

A workaround to this problem is using a multimeter (no surprises there)!

You will easily be able to tell what the resistance is of a resistor in any part of the circuit. 

Also, multimeter’s have another neat function which allows you to test Continuity.

This test allows you to see if two points of a conducting material are connected and therefore ‘continuous’ allowing the flow of current.

This is great for wires with insulation, or testing parts of a circuit that should be connected together. 

Can you get away with not having a multimeter initially?

When you initially start out with the Arduino, your projects are not going to be very complex. 

This might include projects such as reading button presses, blinking an LED, reading sensor values etc. 

The circuits involved with these are not too intense and only require a few connections. 

Saying this, you will still encounter problems. However, finding the cause of the problem and then the solution will be a bit easier. 

So, when starting out you do not need a multimeter.

But, it does not hurt to have one as part of your troubleshooting arsenal. 

Do you need an expensive multimeter for an Arduino?

No, you do not require an expensive multimeter.

When you are working with an Arduino, there are only a few measurements you want your multimeter to be capable of measuring; Voltage, Current, Resistance and Continuity. 

You can get multimeters that won’t break the bank which are still capable of performing these measurements so you can troubleshoot your Arduino and additional circuitry. 

The one thing you need to be aware of when selecting a multimeter is the ranges of voltages, and currents it can handle. 

It should be able to handle the voltage and currents of the Arduino and other circuitry. 

Final thoughts

So, you can see there are many reasons why you would want to invest in a multimeter when using an arduino.

It is a great tool for diagnosing and troubleshooting problems which are inevitable.

While you might not need a multimeter initially when starting out with an Arduino, it will prove useful as you progress in skill level and your projects get a bit more complex.

However, you do not need an expensive multimeter. A decent cheap one with the three basic measurement capabilities (voltage,current and resistance) should be just fine.

The post Do I need a multimeter for an Arduino? appeared first on Electronic Guidebook.

The main reason is to create an electrical/mechanical bond between these two metals (or more) to allow electricity to flow.

However, soldering is not limited to just electrical and electronic applications. It can be used for sheet metal, as well as Jewelry and stained glass work.

Solder is the metal alloy material that is used as the ‘glue’ that creates the bond between the two pieces of metal. 

But, why do soldering irons get hot? Soldering irons get hot in order to melt the solder which is used to create an electrical and mechanical bond between two pieces of metal. The solder when not heated is a hard substance which will not be able to adhere to the metals being connected together. So, it needs to be heated until it melts with the help of a soldering iron. 

Main reason why a soldering irons get hot

I briefly mentioned above why a soldering iron gets hot, but let’s take a deeper look at what is involved with the process of soldering, soldering irons and solder.

Soldering is synonymous with Electrical and Electronic applications. 

It can be used to;

• Solder components onto a Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
• Connect two pieces of wire together
• Connect components together
• Fix a broken PCB tracing 

These are just some of the many uses of a soldering iron with electrical and electronic applications. 

The main objective as we mentioned earlier is to create semi permanent electrical and mechanical bonds since electricity requires a conducting material to move through. 

I say semi permanent because it can be reversed using a process known as Desoldering.

Desoldering involves using a soldering iron and either Solder Wick or a Desoldering Gun to remove solder and thereby removing the bond. 

This can be helpful if you make a mistake (and many will be made), as well as when components that have failed and need replacing.

What is solder

Solder is a vital component and is the main reason soldering irons get hot. 

There are many different types of solder available that come in a variety of metal alloy compositions. 

Below are some of the most common solder compositions;

• Tin-Lead (Lead based)
• Tin-Silver-Copper (Lead free)
• Tin-Antimony
• Tin-Copper
• Tin-Silver 

However, each of these different compositions of solder does not have the same melting point.

 Due to their chemical makeup, and metals used, they vary in temperatures at which they will melt. 

Different types of soldering

There are typically three types of soldering processes used; Soft soldering, Hard soldering, and Brazing.

Soft soldering – this type of soldering involves using solder with the lowest melting point and which are typically alloys. Melting temperatures can range from 90°C (194°F) – 450°C (842°F). 

Hard soldering – in this process, Brass or Silver are the metals that are used as the solder to create bonds. The melting temperatures involved in hard soldering range from 450°C (842°F) – 600°C (1112°F). Blowtorches are sometimes used to reach these temperatures if a soldering iron is unable to do so. 

Brazing – Solder of much higher melting points are used in this process compared to the other two. Temperatures can be higher than 450°C (842°F). 

What is a soldering iron

Without a soldering iron, solder would be useless. So, while solder is a vital component, it is one half of the picture. 

A soldering iron is the other half that is required that helps unleash the superpowers of solder. 

It is an electrical tool which aids in the process of soldering by providing sufficient heat to melt solder in order to join metals together. 

Just like solder, soldering irons come in a variety of prices, shapes, sizes, temperature capabilities etc.

Depending on what type of soldering process you are using, as well as what type of solder you will be using, you will need to choose a soldering iron capable of getting hot enough to melt the solder.

But, the better the quality of the soldering iron, the more expensive it is going to be. 

So, deciding if you need an expensive soldering iron depends on a couple of factors.

If you need help deciding whether you need an expensive soldering iron or not, click here.

However, you want a soldering capable of a range of temperatures as we now know that different solders have different melting points. 

Cheaper soldering irons tend to have one temperature and low wattage which do not get hot enough to melt solder.

Other applications where soldering irons get hot

While its main use is in the electrical and electronic field, a soldering iron is not limited to just them. It has many other applications.

These include;

• Roofing
• Metal Gutters
• Auto Repair
• Jewelry
• Desoldering
• Plumbing
• Stained glass and Mosaics
• Wood burning

With applications like roofing, auto repair, plumbing, jewelry, etc solder is still used so the soldering iron needs to get hot in order to melt the solder.

With wood burning letters are engraved on wood using the soldering iron. Trying to do this with a cold soldering iron is near impossible.

So, again the soldering iron needs to be hot to be able to engrave on wood. 

What is the right temperature to set the soldering iron to get hot?

As you saw earlier, there are different types of solder as well as soldering processes which have a range of temperatures at which the solder melts.

So, determining how hot a soldering should be set comes down to the solder you are using. 

The ranges of temperature at which they melt should be included in the solder’s datasheet which can be obtained from the manufacturer’s website. 

Below is a snippet from a solder’s datasheet. As you can see, it specifies the temperature range at which you can set your soldering iron to get hot enough to melt the solder. 

If there is no information available, and the solder you are using is a metal alloy, 360 – 400°C is the general temperature to work with. 

How hot can a soldering iron get ?

This all depends on the complexity of your soldering iron. 

There are typically two types of soldering irons; ones that come as a single soldering iron, and the ones that come as a station with temperature control. 

The first type (just the soldering iron) tends to only have one temperature setting (on occasions you can get up to 3 temperature settings). 

The temperature output is largely determined by the wattage of the soldering iron. 

A soldering iron station will have temperature control which allows you to set a range of temperatures. 

Again, the temperature range will vary from brand to brand. 

How long does it take for a soldering iron to heat up?

Again, without sounding like a broken record, the time it takes your soldering iron to get hot will depend on the soldering iron itself, as not all soldering irons are the same.

The bigger brand soldering stations will get hot in about 20 – 30 seconds. 

Whereas, the soldering irons that are cheaper and have no temperature control can take much longer as they are unregulated. 

If you want to be sure of how long it takes, you can always use a timer to see how long it takes from when you turn on your soldering iron to when it starts melting solder.

How do you tell if the soldering iron is hot enough?

The last thing you want to do is burn yourself because you were trying to see if your soldering iron is hot enough. 

There are other ways to go about testing whether it is hot or not.

• If you have a digital display it should indicate when it has reached the set temperatures (some soldering irons have an LED indicator)
• Wet sponges are used to clean the soldering iron tip when soldering. Tapping the wet sponge should produce a ‘hissing’ sound indicating it is hot. Also, vapour should be visible.
• Touch solder to the soldering iron to see if it melts. However, if it takes time to melt and only melts a little bit, the soldering is not hot enough. It should melt instantly and turn to ‘liquid’.

What if your soldering iron is not getting hot?  

If for some reason your soldering iron is just not getting hot, there are some potential reasons as to why it is not getting hot. 

Check this article for more information 6 reasons your soldering iron is not melting solder.

The post Why do soldering irons get hot? appeared first on Electronic Guidebook.

You might have heard of these two terms before. 

But, are they interchangeable? 

While very similar, they do have their differences as both the processes are used to join metals together. 

Welding bonds two pieces of metal by melting them together, whereas Soldering uses a filler bonding material known as Solder to bond two or more pieces of metal together.

But, can you weld with a soldering iron? Using a soldering iron to weld depends on the application. If you do not require a high mechanical bond between the metals then using soldering iron is just fine. 

However, if you require a strong bond between the two metals, using a soldering iron to weld will not be applicable as the soldering iron will not provide a strong enough bond between the metals. 

It all comes down to the application where you will be using the soldering iron to weld. I will discuss these in more detail in this article. 

What is involved when you weld

To understand when soldering can be used to weld and when it cannot, it will help to understand the two processes a bit better. 

Let’s start with Welding.

Welding is the process where two pieces of metal are fused together using high heat and pressure. 

While mostly used with metals, welding can also be used with thermoplastics and wood. 

It can be performed outdoors, indoors (in certain areas), underwater as well as outer space!

How are metals joined together when you weld?

Welding uses high temperatures (up to 3500°C / 6332°F) in order to melt the metals which are then fused together. In some instances, there is a filler material used to help with the bond.

The pieces of metal that are joined together and known as Parent Material. 

The molten pool of the two parent materials when cooled, can be stronger than the individual materials themselves. 

Not all metals can be welded though. 

Weldability defines how easy or difficult it is to weld certain metals. The easier the process is involved in welding, it is said to have high Weldability. 

If the metals require special procedures like preheating, a specified heat input, controlled cooling, and postheating then they have low Weldability. 

Also, there are certain metals that just cannot be welded together. They include;

• Aluminum and Steel
• Aluminum and Copper
• Titanium and Steel

Different types of weld

Welding has been around for many years, and like most things has seen an evolution in its process in the 19th century.

Below are some of the most common welding processes;

• MIG Welding – Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
• TIG Welding – Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)
• Stick Welding – Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
• Flux Welding – Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
• Energy Beam Welding (EBW)
• Atomic Hydrogen Welding (AHW)
• Gas Tungsten- Arc Welding
• Plasma Arc Welding (PAW)

Unfortunately there isn’t a single welding machine able to perform each of these processes. Each of these processes requires a certain type of welding machine which can include; 

• Mig (metal inert gas) welding machines.
• Thyristor Control Mig welding machines.
• Tig welding machines.
• Spot welding machines.
• Shielded metal arc welding machines.

Common applications where you weld

Welding is a process used in many applications.

It can be used to make a fence in your home or used to build a tall skyscraper. 

The applications are endless. Below are some of the most common.

• Shipbuilding
• Automotive
• Construction
• Mechanical
• Sheet metal welding
• Fabrication
• Aerospace and Aircraft construction 
• Railroads

A deeper look at soldering

Now we have seen what is involved when you weld, let’s take a closer look at soldering.

Soldering is the process of joining two pieces of metal using a filler material known as Solder. 

Unlike welding, soldering does not melt the metals that are going to be connected together. It relies on the Solder to create a strong bond between them.

The solder is usually a metal alloy made of Tin(Sn) and Lead(Pb).

Soldering is most commonly used in the Electrical and Electronic industry for joining wires and components to Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs). 

The main purpose being to create an electrical bond so that current can flow freely. 

How metals are connected when soldering

The process of soldering uses a tool known as a Soldering Iron, to melt the filler material (Solder), when connecting two conducting materials.

A soldering iron can be heated to temperatures up to 400°C (752°F). 

The temperature at which the soldering iron is set to, depends on the melting point of the solder and not of the metals being connected together. 

The metals (wires, components etc), are first placed together. The solder is then positioned at the intersection of the metals while simultaneously applying heat using the soldering iron. 

Once the solder cools, it creates a strong electrical and mechanical bond. 

With welding, you have many different types available. However, there is only one type of soldering and almost always uses a soldering iron. 

What metals can be soldered

Just like welding, not all metal types can be soldered. There is a limited range.

Also, the bond between the two pieces of metal depends on the solder being used. So, depending on the parent metals, the right solder alloy composition will have to be chosen. 

The common metals that can used in the soldering process are;

• Gold
• Silver
• Copper
• Brass
• Iron

Common applications of soldering

I mentioned earlier that soldering is most commonly associated with the electrical and electronic field. 

But, it is not restricted to just that. It has many applications which include;

• Jewelry repair
• Automotive
• Arts and crafts
• Plumbing
• Stained glass work
• Sheet metal work
• Computers

When you can weld using a soldering iron

Ok, so we’ve covered what is involved when you weld, and when you solder. 

I briefly mentioned at the start that using a soldering iron to weld really depends on the application. Let’s dive deeper and really understand what that means. 

Since both processes involve joining pieces of metals, you cannot be blamed for thinking they are interchangeable. 

But, of the two processes, welding creates a stronger mechanical bond.

So, if you need to use a soldering iron to weld, you will need to be aware that the bond created will not be as strong.

A note to be made is that if you use a soldering iron to weld, you are not welding, you are soldering.

The end result is going to be a bond that is less stronger.

For structures that are smaller in nature, and have less loads placed on them, soldering would be fine. 

Things like metal sculptures, plumbing, jewelry repair etc. Using welding in these applications would be overkill.

Also, using a soldering iron to weld comes is more advantageous when using non-ferrous metals such as copper and brass are being connected

When you cannot weld using a soldering iron

Imagine you are constructing a building that requires a very strong foundation as it will be subject to forces and stresses from things like weather and humans. 

Using a soldering iron to weld the structure would not be a great idea.

You need links between metals beams that can withstand these high forces and stresses, so welding would be the most suitable process to use. 

Also, if there are high temperatures involved, welding again is the better option as the solder has a lower melting point and the bond will be broken when temperatures exceed the solder’s melting point. 

I have learnt this from experience! 

So, the rule of thumb is to not use a soldering iron to weld when high forces, stresses and temperatures are placed on the bond between two pieces of metal. 

Advantages using a soldering iron to weld

If your application allows for you to use a soldering iron to weld, then it might be more advantageous.

This is because using a soldering iron is cheaper, has a faster learning curve, is smaller (so can be stored easier), can be done indoors (in your bedroom), only needs one kind of soldering iron, and requires less to set up.

But, again this only depends if you can actually substitute soldering for welding which is determined by the application.

Are they any other alternatives other than soldering if you cannot weld?

Brazing is another process that is used to join two pieces of metal (but not limited to just metals as ceramics can be joined as well).

Similar to Soldering, a filler material (known as the braze alloy) is used to join the metals.

The temperatures involved with brazing are above 450°C (842°F), so it sits in the middle of soldering and welding.

Similar to welding, the metals being ‘brazed’ together should be similar in composition to allow for a smoother and stronger bond. 

So, this can be another alternative if you need to weld and do not have the equipment necessary to weld. 

The post Can you weld with a soldering iron? appeared first on Electronic Guidebook.

These quantities include things like current, voltage, resistance,capacitance, inductance and a whole list of others.

When designing a circuit, or testing a circuit for faults, you need to have a way of being able to measure these different quantities.  

Otherwise things could get messy real fast. 

An analog multimeter is an electronic and electrical measuring instrument that is used to measure a number of different electrical quantities.

The uses of an analog multimeter include;

• Measuring Voltage
• Measuring Current
• Measuring Resistance
• Transistor testing
• Diode testing
• Continuity test 

What is an analog multimeter

The Analog multimeter uses a needle that is placed on a numbered scale (that has a specified range), to display a number of different quantities as pictured in the image below. 

When the analog multimeter is used to measure these quantities, the needle is deflected depending on the force generated by the quantity being measured.

Inside the multimeter is a drum (which has a coil wound around it) between a pair of permanent magnets.

A magnetic field is induced, when a current passes through the coil. 

Since a magnetic field already exists due to the magnetic field, it reacts with the induced magnetic field causing a force which moves the needle. 

6 uses of an analog multimeter 

The analog multimeter has many different functions and uses, which make it a vital measuring instrument. 

Let’s take a look at the different uses of an analog multimeter. 

Use #1 of an analog multimeter: Measuring Voltage 

Voltage is one of the most important aspects of any electrical or electronic circuit.

It is the force that is generated by a power source (like a battery) that pushes electrons (current) around a closed circuit. 

In simple words voltage is electrical pressure.

Why is it important for an analog multimeter to measure voltage?

When an electrical or electronic circuit is built, it is created with components to work within a certain range of voltage values. 

This is because all components have minimum and maximum values within which they operate efficiently. 

Operating outside of these thresholds will cause the component to fail, which will also have a domino effect causing the rest of the circuit to fail.

So, having the ability to check that the right voltages are present between any two points in a circuit is needed. 

Also, if for some reason a component has stopped working, an analog multimeter can be used to check the voltage across it to see whether there is a Short or Open circuit.

Another great reason is checking the voltage of your power source. 

You might be powering your circuit with a power supply which is fine as it displays the voltage, but what if you are using batteries? How will you know if it is providing the right voltage to power your circuit.

Again that is where the analog multimeter’s voltage measuring function comes in handy.

Use #2 of an analog multimeter: Measuring Current

Those charged electrons that move around a circuit that receive the force from the voltage are also known as Current.

A more detailed description of Current would be the amount of charge that passes a given point in a circuit within a specific time period. 

The magnitude of the current is given in Amperes (A). 

Without getting into too much detail, the molecular structure of materials contains electrons. Depending on the material in question, the electrons can be held tightly or loosely. 

When the electrons move within a material it is known as current. How well and how many electrons move governs the substance’s ability to conduct electricity. 

Just like voltage, there are many reasons why it is essential to be able to measure current using an analog multimeter. 

One reason for measuring current is to see how much current a circuit or component consumes.

If you are designing a circuit that runs off a limited power source (like a battery), you want to be able to extend its lifetime as much as possible. 

While theory and calculation can give you an indication of how much current a circuit or component will consume, there are many factors that come into play in the real world.

You can use an analog multimeter to measure how much current is being consumed that will give a better indication than just theory alone.

The next reason is again along the same lines of measuring voltage. 

Like voltage ratings, electronic components have current ratings too. 

Exceeding these current ratings can cause irreversible damage. So having a way to measure how much current is being supplied to them using an analog multimeter is a necessity. 

Use #3 of an analog multimeter: Measuring Resistance

So, voltage is the force that pushes electrons, and current is the number of electrons that pass a given point.

Resistance is the ability of a material to resist current. 

Voltage, current and resistance are closely related, and make up the fundamentals of electricity. 

Their relationship can be summed by using Ohm’s law. 

Ohm’s law sums up the relationship between Voltage, Current and Resistance. The formula can be seen below. 

So the final piece of the puzzle is measuring resistance. 

If you want to decrease the current flowing in a circuit you will need to increase the resistance of the circuit and vice versa.

Everything in a circuit like a battery, wires, and electronic components have some sort of resistance which adds up to the overall resistance of the circuit. 

But, there are specific passive components known as Resistors that are created with a known resistance so you can increase or decrease the resistance of a circuit as desired.

Being able to measure the resistance using an analog multimeter lets you design a circuit as close to the desired resistance value as possible.

Since you cannot really know the resistance values of other components other than resistors, being able to measure their resistance is very helpful. 

While resistors have colour bands on them indicating their resistances, it can be time consuming trying to figure out what the value is. Sometimes it’s much easier to just use the analog multimeter to read the resistance. 

Use #4 of an analog multimeter: Continuity test

For a current to flow, it requires an unbroken path.

If that path is unbroken it will stop the flow of current within that circuit as can seen below.

Diagram A shows a circuit that has an unbroken path. Here current can flow without any interruptions.

The circuit in diagram B has a break in the circuit, therefore no current can flow. 

Circuits and components are connected together using wires of varying lengths, materials and diameters. 

However, these wires are shielded to protect us and other parts of the circuit. 

So, if you have a long thick wire that has a break somewhere in the middle, it is going to be very hard to know what the real issue is.

Analog multimeters have the ability to test the Continuity, which is the presence of a complete path that electrons can flow through. 

It not only can test the continuity of wires, but of switches, fuses, conductors and certain components. 

For example, you can test if a MOSFET is damaged or not not using the continuity test. 

When the leads of the multimeter are placed between the Source and Gate terminals of the MOSFET, there should be no continuity. 

An analog multimeter lets you know if there is continuity using an audible beeping sound.

Use #5 of an analog multimeter: Diode and Transistor  testing

Diodes are electronic components that can be found in almost every circuit.

Their most common applications include protection, rectification and switching. 

Unfortunately for the Diode, they tend to be the first to get damaged when a fault arises. So, having a way to test whether it has been damaged or not is essential.

Lucky for you and me, analog multimeters can test a diode to check it is functioning as it should be or whether it needs to be disposed of.  

The Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a type of diode which has the ability to emit light when forward biased. 

Just like a conventional diode, we can test a LED using an analog multimeter to see if it is working.

As well as the diode, the analog can be used to test the functionality of a Transistor. 

The Transistor is a semiconductor device used mainly to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power.

Testing a transistor using an analog multimeter follows a similar procedure to testing a diode. This is due to the fact that a bipolar transistor closely resembles back to back diodes.

Use #6 of an analog multimeter: hFE amplification test  

A hFE (Hybrid parameter forward current gain, common emitter) amplification is the  current gain of a transistor. 

This number represents the factor that the base current of the transistor is amplified to produce the output amplified current.

So, for example if a transistor had a base current of 1mA, and a hFE of 100, the output current at the collector of the transistor would be 100 mA.

Analog multimeters are equipped with a function that allows you to find out what a transistor’s hFE value is. 

Being able to test the hFE (gain) of a transistor comes in handy when you might have transistors lying around and aren’t too sure of hFE value. 

Applications of an analog multimeter

You can see the analog multimeter has many great uses and abilities. 

But, what applications are these functionalities commonly used for and who tend to use them?

Since the multimeter is a device that is primarily used with electricity, anyone who deals with electricity, would use the multimeter.

This can include;

• Electricians, 
• Electrical and Electronic Engineers
• Scientists
• Automotive Engineers
• Mechanics 
• Line installers and repairers

The main most common use for an analog multimeter is Fault Finding or Circuit Analysis.

As the name suggests, this involves finding faults in a circuit, wire, component etc, that is not working. 

There are many ways to approach fault finding, each with their own pros and cons depending on the circumstance.

Other than that, analog multimeters are also used in the design process of electrical and electronic systems to ensure components are functioning, as well as having the right values. 

Does an an analog multimeter have the same uses as a digital multimeter

The analog multimeter is less commonly used in the electrical and electronic field due to the rise of digital electronics. 

You can now use a Digital Multimeter (DMM) to perform the same tasks as its older counterpart.

However, they both have similar uses,  but each having its own pros and cons which I will discuss below. 

Difference between an analog and digital multimeter

When it comes to the multimeter, you have two options; Analog or Digital.

While both are used for the same purpose, they do have their differences.

So, before diving into what are the uses of an Analog multimeter, let’s quickly identify the main differences between an Analog and Digital multimeter.

Display – The first most obvious difference between an Analog and Digital multimeter is the display. The analog multimeter uses a needle to show the measured quantity, whereas the digital multimeter displays information in the form of digits. 

This is similar to the difference between an Analog and Digital clock.

Cost – The analog multimeter is less expensive compared to its digital counterpart due to the way that it is constructed and the components that it uses.

Accuracy – Since the analog multimeter uses a needle pointer to display values, this can increase the amount of parallax error when being read by the user giving it a lower accuracy.

Input Resistance – The input resistance of an Analog multimeter varies with range, while a digital multimeter stays constant for all ranges. 

The post 6 common uses of an analog multimeter appeared first on Electronic Guidebook.

Whether you are an experienced engineer, electrician, DIYer, electronic hobbyist etc, having a Multimeter is going to benefit you in many ways.

A multimeter is capable of more than one measurement which can include; Voltage, Current, Resistance and others depending on the complexity of the multimeter.

Of the many measurements, Voltage is one of the most common parameters it is used to measure.

But, the multimeter is not a perfect measuring instrument. 

Sometimes it might read the wrong voltage. 

You might be reading this because your multimeter is reading the wrong voltage. 

So, does that mean you need to dispose of your multimeter and get a new one?

Of course not! 

Below are some possible reasons why a multimeter is reading the wrong voltage:

• Low battery
• Faulty Leads
• Incorrect placement of probes
• Component failure
• Fuse blown 

For a more detailed description for each reason, read on. 

Note, make sure to always first try the standard procedure of turning your multimeter off and on and then checking to see if the wrong voltage is still being read. 

5 reasons why a multimeter is reading wrong voltage

Let’s take a look at each of the reasons why a multimeter is reading the wrong voltage in more detail.

Reason #1 a multimeter is reading the wrong voltage: Low battery

The first and most possible reason why your multimeter is reading the wrong voltage is because its battery has decreased below its nominal voltage. 

Electronic components, devices all work within a specific voltage range. 

Whether it be your mobile phone, calculator, toaster, Television and so on.

However, some of these devices have the luxury of being plugged into a wall outlet and being powered ‘infinitely’ (or until you stop paying your bills).

Other devices which are mobile in nature run of a limited power source such as a battery. 

A multimeter is a device that is mobile because it needs to be carried and used in different locations. 

Therefore it needs to be powered by batteries. 

This can cause issues with reading voltages when the batteries start to drop in power. 

A drop in battery voltage can cause the internal reference voltage to drop which then could cause the meter reading to be high.

So, if you are not getting normal voltage readings on your multimeter, replace the current batteries with newer ones and then check again. 

If you get normal readings, you know the old batteries have dropped past their nominal voltage. 

Even if you haven’t used your multimeter in a long time, the batteries could still potentially drop in voltage. 

So beware of that.

Reason #2 a multimeter is reading the wrong voltage: Faulty Leads

If you replaced the batteries with newer ones, and you are still getting the wrong voltage readings, then the next possible issue you could have is faulty leads.

To test your multimeter leads, set the multimeter to read resistance and then touch the probes together.

The resistance that should be displayed for multimeter leads that are functioning properly should be zero.

If for some reason the resistance reading is above one, or all over the place, your multimeter leads are faulty and could be the reason your multimeter is reading the wrong voltage. 

Try replacing the leads to see if that rectifies the issue.

Another issue could be that the probes are not connected properly to the multimeter. 

If there isn’t a proper connection, there won’t be a proper electrical conduction and therefore the wrong voltage will be displayed. 

So, make sure your multimeter probes are connected properly. 

Reason #3 a multimeter is reading the wrong voltage: User error

Ok, this reason comes down to user error.

User error involves the user (the person using the multimeter) not placing the multimeter leads on the right points of a circuit or battery. 

This might seem like a silly reason as to why a multimeter is reading the wrong voltage, but it is entirely possible and has happened to me plenty of times.

This could be caused by not reading the schematic right, or, placing it in the wrong place by mistake. 

Either way, double check that you are measuring the right parts of the circuit if your multimeter is reading the wrong voltage. 

Reason #4 a multimeter is reading the wrong voltage: Fuse blown

Fuses are used in the electrical and electronic field as a way of providing safety to currents that exceed the normal threshold of a device. 

This threshold can be different for different devices so there are fuses that can handle different levels of current.

When that current threshold is exceeded, the metal wire inside the fuse melts, disrupting the flow of current. 

Multimeters have a maximum current that they can handle.

So, to protect them and you from overcurrents, they are fitted with fuses. 

If you happen to use the multimeter to measure the current or voltage outside its maximum threshold, the fuse is going to break.

If the fuse is blown, your multimeter is not going to function properly and therefore display incorrect voltage values. 

If you want to know how to check if your fuse is blown and how to replace it watch the video below.

Reason #5 a multimeter is reading the wrong voltage: Component failure

The last possible reason why your multimeter could be reading the wrong voltage might not be an issue with the multimeter itself.

The issue could be with the electronic/electrical component that you are testing.

Electronic components are not perfect. They too are subject to failure. 

Below are a couple ways electronic components could fail;

• Exceeding the current or voltage rating of the component
• Electrostatic Static Discharge

If a particular component has failed, this could cause a wrong voltage reading on the multimeter when testing another part of the circuit (depending on the circuit itself of course). 

How to be certain your multimeter isn’t reading the wrong voltage

So, the multimeter displays a voltage that you are not expecting.

You might know what voltage it should be displaying, but how can you be certain that something is wrong with the multimeter?

If you have a power supply, set it to a voltage (that is within the range of the multimeter) and then use the multimeter to test the output voltage. 

If the voltage on the multimeter matches the power supply’s voltage, great! 

However, if the voltages do not match, you know you have a problem.

You might not have a power supply lying around though.

That’s fine.

Get yourself a new battery (AA, AAA, D-cell, 9V etc), and test the voltage. Since it is a new battery, the voltage when testing should be around the full capacity value of the battery. 

Again, if the multimeter is displaying the wrong voltage, you know you have a problem and can cycle through the 5 possible reasons to find the problem. 

How to avoid reading the wrong voltage with a multimeter

It can be quite a waste of time having to go through all the steps of figuring out why your multimeter is reading the wrong voltage. 

You might know the saying, “Prevention is the best cure”.

This is having habits or procedures in place that prevent a problem from arising in the first place.

Below are some things you can do to avoid the situation of your multimeter reading the wrong voltage for each of the 5 possible reasons mentioned earlier. 

Low battery

You cannot really control how your battery performs. 

But, you can control the quality of the batteries you buy for your multimeter. 

Invest in good quality batteries that will last longer. This will save you from always having to change the batteries of the multimeter (which will save you time and money).

Faulty Leads

Depending on how often you use the multimeter, and the way you use them, you will be twisting, turning, stretching them in every direction. 

This is going to cause some wear and tear on the multimeter leads which will no doubt cause them to fail in time.

So, to ensure longevity, make sure to handle the leads with care when using the multimeter.

User Error

Mistakes are going to be made.

We are human after all.

But, we can reduce the frequency at which we make errors when reading voltages on the multimeter with a few things we do before testing.

Never assume anything. Always make it a habit to read the schematic of the circuit you are reading to identify the right points where to place the multimeter leads.

Test more than once to see if you are reading the same voltage. 

You might have got it wrong the first time, so testing more than once will eliminate any doubt. 

Also, make sure you are making a proper connection with whatever you may be testing. 

Fuse blown

To avoid blowing the fuse of your multimeter, get to know your multimeter.

All multimeters have different maximum current and voltage ratings.

Read your multimeter’s manual, and familiarise yourself with its maximum voltage and current ratings. 

This will prevent you from testing any currents and voltages outside of the limits of your multimeter.

Component failure

Similarly with the multimeter, make sure to stay within the voltage and current limits of the components in your circuit.

Electronic components are also susceptible to damage via electrostatic discharge when you are handling them.

To prevent this follow the points below

• Keep electronics away from blowing air
• Keep electronics away from plastics and synthetic materials 
• Invest in an ESD mat (which is designed to drain static discharge away from you)

The post 5 reasons your multimeter is reading the wrong voltage appeared first on Electronic Guidebook.

It is predominantly used in Electronics and Electrical applications to solder components to Printed Circuit Boards (PCB’s) or joining electrical wires.

But, soldering irons are used for many other applications that include Jewelry, joining stained glass and wood burning (for design purposes).

The main purpose of a soldering iron is to melt the solder. 

However, sometimes the soldering iron might have problems melting the solder. 

So, what could be the issues that can prevent a soldering iron from melting solder?

Below are some possible problems:

• Heating element of soldering iron broken
• Soldering iron temperature not hot enough
• Soldering iron has not had enough time to heat up. Also, sometimes the soldering iron plug is not plugged into electrical outlet properly
• Low wattage soldering iron (especially cheaper soldering iron)
• Tip has been oxidized
• Using the wrong solder

For a more detailed explanation for each reason read on.

I will also highlight ways to fix the issue, as well as how you can avoid this happening again.

How a soldering iron melts solder

Before we dive into the details of why your soldering iron is not melting solder, it will help to have a quick look at the different parts of a soldering iron.

While there are a wide variety of soldering irons that range in complexity, there are a handful of parts and components that each of them share.

Below is a list of the common parts of a soldering iron. 

• Cord
• Handle cover
• Handle
• Terminal Board
• Heating element
• Tip
• Tip enclosure

The two parts that we are concerned with are the Tip and the Heating Element, as these are the two main parts that could be the reason why the soldering iron is not melting the solder.

Heating Element – this part of the soldering has the job of heating the tip through the means of electricity.

Tip – The Tip is the part of the soldering iron that heats up and makes contact with the solder and surfaces to be adhered together. Soldering tips come in a range of sizes and shapes. 

6 reasons why your soldering iron is not melting solder

Ok, let us dive into the possible reasons a soldering iron is not melting solder. 

Reason #1 A soldering iron is not melting solder: Heating Element is broken 

So, we now know that the heating element of the soldering iron has the job of heating the tip which then melts the solder.

It is a crucial component as it converts electricity into high levels of heat. 

If for some reason the heating element has stopped working, it will not be able to heat up the tip and therefore will not be able to melt solder. 

Reason #2 A soldering iron is not melting solder: Not plugged in outlet properly 

This might seem like a silly reason why a soldering iron is not melting solder, but trust me it has happened to me many times.

It could be that you haven’t pushed the plug in far enough, or you possibly might have mistakenly knocked the plug causing it to not make full contact with the outlet.

If you notice that your soldering iron is not melting solder, first check to make sure that the power cord of your soldering iron is securely plugged into the electrical outlet. 

Many, if not all soldering irons have a status light (for safety purposes), that indicate that it has power. So another way to ensure there is a proper connection is to check that the status light is on. 

Reason #3 A soldering iron is not melting solder: Not enough time to heat up

It would be nice if a soldering iron could reach its maximum set temperature as soon as it’s powered on.

Unfortunately, this is not possible. A soldering iron takes time to reach its maximum temperature. Also, each soldering iron will have its own start-up time. 

So, if you are impatient like myself and try melting solder 10 seconds after powering the soldering iron, you might have some problems. 

Most manufacturers will specify how long it will take a soldering iron to reach a certain temperature which you can check and know how long you will have to wait for. 

If there are no specified times, you could always time how long it takes and eliminate any future anxieties.

Reason #4 A soldering iron is not melting solder: Wrong Solder

When it comes to the soldering process, there are typically three types of soldering ; Soft Soldering, Hard Soldering, and Brazing. 

Each of these types of soldering has its own specific application that it is used for. 

Also, each soldering process uses a specific solder that requires a certain temperature to be able to melt it. 

Soft soldering – typically uses temperatures between 90 – 450 °C ( 190 – 842 °F). The types of solder used tend to be an alloy that contain Tin and Lead. 

Hard Soldering – uses temperatures that are greater than 450 °C (842 °F). This type of soldering uses solder that is either Brass or Silver. Blowtorches are used to reach these high temperatures to melt the solder. 

Brazing – also uses temperatures that are greater than 450 °C (842 °F). It is very similar to hard soldering.

So, if you are using the process of soft soldering with solders that are used for hard soldering or brazing, your soldering iron will not be hot enough to reach those temperatures and melt the solder. 

Another issue could also be the thickness of the solder you are using. The thicker the solder the higher the temperature that is required to melt it. 

Reason #5 A soldering iron is not melting solder: Cheap soldering iron

Whether buying a new house, car, phone etc, we all want to save money and get the best bargain.

But, sometimes opting for the cheaper option can cause more harm than good. 

This holds very true for soldering irons. 

I had initially purchased a decent soldering iron which cost a decent amount. Unfortunately, it decided to call it quits after serving me for many years. 

Being the cheapskate that I am, I decided to buy a cheap soldering iron which has caused me many problems.

It takes a long time to heat up, does not get hot enough, has bad heat distribution and oxidises far too quickly.

So, to avoid these problems, fork out some cash and invest in good quality soldering iron. 

Reason #6 A soldering iron is not melting solder: Oxidation 

The last and most likely cause that your soldering iron is not melting solder is because the soldering iron tip has been oxidised. 

You will know when your soldering iron has been oxidised when the tip turns black.

Oxidation of a soldering iron happens when the iron plating of the tip becomes iron oxide. This process happens naturally with the metal used. 

It happens at room temperature at a very slow rate, but the heat of the soldering iron speeds up the process.

I will highlight how to reverse this process, as well as avoid it below.  

How to fix a soldering iron that is not melting solder

Just knowing the reasons why a soldering iron is not melting solder is quite redundant. Knowing how to reverse or fix the problem will be beneficial as well.

Also, having a plan on how to avoid this happening in the future will save you time, money and stress. 

The solution obviously depends on the problem. So, you will first need to identify what problem your soldering is having. 

Below are possible solutions to the reasons that a soldering is not melting solder as well as ideas how to avoid them happening in the future. Some of them are pretty self explanatory, but I thought I’d still give my input. 

Heating Element Broke – If your soldering iron tip isn’t black (not oxidised), is plugged in properly, has had enough time to heat up, and you are using the right solder, the heating element of the soldering iron is probably broken.

Unless you are comfortable with opening up your soldering iron and seeing what is wrong with the heating element, I recommend you take your soldering iron to a professional who can fix or replace the heating element for you.

Possible issues why a soldering iron heating element might stop working could be that water could have seeped in and short circuited it. 

To avoid this, do not use the soldering iron around water, or moist areas. 

Soldering iron cord not plugged properly – The best way to fix this problem is to plug the soldering iron cord back into the power outlet.

Here are some tips on how to prevent this problem from recurring. 

If the soldering iron cord is placed in a path where people walk by regularly, it is going to increase the chances of someone tripping on the cord (which is a safety hazard in itself), and disconnecting the soldering iron’s cord from the power outlet.

So, place the cord out of the path of constant foot traffic. 

If your soldering iron is placed on a desk but the power outlet is higher or lower, this can be an issue when connecting the power cord (especially if the soldering iron has a shorter power cord).

If the cord has no slack and has to reach awkward angles it is not going to make a proper connection with the power outlet. 

Where possible try to connect your soldering iron power cord to a power outlet that is not too far away, and allow for some slack in the soldering iron power cord. 

Not enough time to heat up – Fixing this problem requires a bit of patience ( I know sometimes it is hard!)

But, to avoid rushing to use the soldering iron before it has heated up, time how long it takes your soldering iron to reach the temperature where it starts to melt solder. 

That way next time you turn it on you will know exactly how long it will take eliminating your frustrations. 

Wrong solder – Buying the right type of solder for the soldering application will rectify this issue.

You will first need to know what kind of soldering you are doing (Soft, Hard or Brazing). Then accordingly when you are buying solder, you will have to check what kind of soldering applications it is used for and its melting temperatures. 

Also, try buying solder that is smaller in diameter which is easier to melt. 

Cheap soldering iron – Buy a good quality soldering iron! 

Oxidation – If your soldering iron is heating up and still not melting solder, oxidation has most likely occurred to the tip of the soldering iron (you might notice this visually as the soldering iron tip will be black). 

To fix this issue scrape or sand off the oxide off the tip (while it is off) using an exacto knife or 800 grit sandpaper till it has regained its shine. 

Once the tip is shiny, give it a good coat of flux (if you have some. If you don’t that is fine just skip this step), and turn the soldering iron on. Once the soldering iron has heated up, coat the tip with some solder. 

If for some reason you cannot reverse the oxidation process, you might have to replace the tip of your soldering iron.

Below are some good practices to follow to avoid oxidation of the soldering iron tip. 

• Do not leave your soldering iron idle for long periods of time . If you are not using it for more than 15 mins, turn it off. 
• Avoid high temperatures (340 – 380°C) (644 – 716 °F)
• After every use, wipe the soldering iron on a wet sponge, then coat the tip with solder. Do this before turning it off as well.

The post 6 reasons your soldering iron is not melting solder appeared first on Electronic Guidebook.